Four Scientists Against Nazism

In the early 1930s , Germany was a hotbed of the most innovative scientific thought . German universities, in fact, forged brilliant minds and produced research in the most innovative fields of physics, chemistry and mathematics. In the space of a few months, everything or almost everything changed. With the rise to power of the Nazis, opponents of the regime and Jews were forced to leave their prestigious academic roles.

This discrimination also affected many female scientists: leading figures in research such as Hedwig Kohn, Lise Meitner, Hertha Sponer and Hildegard Stücklen found themselves forced to flee because of their Jewish origins or their anti-Nazi positions. Their painful journey to freedom became a matter of life and death, requiring extraordinary efforts and the support of friends and fellow scientists.

The volume Le ragazze della scienza (Aboca editions, 2025, pp. 20, also e-book), the result of years of meticulous documentation work by the American journalist Olivia Campbell , finally gives a voice to these extraordinary women. True pioneers, whose intellect shone as brightly as that of their male colleagues, but who had to work twice as hard to prove it. Lise Meitner managed to take refuge in Sweden, where she discovered nuclear fission, although recognition for her work was attributed only to Otto Hahn. The other female scientists found refuge in the United States, where they made significant contributions to physics in American universities. Hertha Sponer advanced the study of the spectra of numerous chemical compounds; Hedwig Kohn's patent improved lighting and her work led to a quantum interpretation of optical dispersion; Hildegard Stücklen examined the effect of cosmic radiation on meteorites.

Despite the odds, each of these scientists revolutionized the field of physics, inspiring other young women to follow in their footsteps. Lise Meitner, Hedwig Kohn, Hertha Sponer, and Hildegard Stücklen helped shape an entire generation of female physicists, demonstrating that sisterhood and scientific curiosity can transcend boundaries and thrive, even in the face of great adversity.